Many of the environmental problems are caused by the changes in the main components of the hydrological cycle. However, water balance modeling can help to better understanding the components of the hydrological cycle in order to develop appropriate management options. The purpose of this study is to calculate three important components of surface water balance using the WetSpass model and evaluate the model in Hamadan-BAHAR WATERSHED located in Hamadan Province on a monthly time scale. The results of the model evaluation in the study showed that the coefficient of determination between the observed and simulated runoff in the calibration and validation period is equal to 0.79 and 0.83, respectively. Groundwater nutrition assessment was also performed according to manual calculations of the variable for 2012-2013. Then, the results of Kramer correlation coefficient between spatial distribution maps of runoff, actual evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge were investigated with input maps of the model. In general, due to the importance of evapotranspiration in water balance calculations, the evaporation and transpiration maps of the model were evaluated separately for different uses. The evaluation results confirmed the capability of the WetSpass model in simulating runoff, evapotranspiration and groundwater feeding with an acceptable accuracy. The results of spatial distribution maps of runoff, actual evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge indicate a high correlation between evapotranspiration component with land use (0.54), soil texture (0.45), evapotranspiration potential (0.42) and temperature (0.31). Also, these results indicate a high correlation between runoff components with land use (0.62) and soil texture (0.58), and average correlations between groundwater recharge component with land use (0.32) and soil texture (0.34). Therefore, land use and soil texture were the first and second factors affecting the distribution of surface balance components, respectively.

Temporal and spatial distribution of water components in WATERSHEDs, estimation of water quality, and uncertainties associated with these estimations are important issues in freshwater studies. In this study, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to estimate components of freshwater availability: blue water (surface runoff plus deep aquifer recharge), green water flow (actual evapotranspiration) and green water storage (soil water), in Hamadan-BAHAR WATERSHED. Also, the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting program (SUFI2) was used to calibrate and validate the SWAT model and do the uncertainty analysis. Degree of uncertainty is calculated by R-factor and P-factor parameters. In this paper, results of calibration and validation are given for the river monthly discharge. In most stations, especially in outlet of the WATERSHED (Koshkabad station), simulation of river discharge was satisfactory. Values of R-factor in calibration of monthly runoff were 0.4-0.8. These small values show good calibration of runoff in this WATERSHED. Values of P-factor were 20-60%. These small values show high uncertainty in estimations. For most stations of the WATERSHED, lack of data on river-water withdrawal caused poor simulation of base-flow and therefore the P-factor values were low. Nash-Sutcliff (NS) coefficient was 0.3-0.8 after calibration, which shows good model calibration of outlet. This study provided good information on the components of freshwater availability at spatial (sub-basin) and temporal (monthly) scales with 95% prediction uncertainty ranges. The results of uncertainty analysis of components of freshwater availability show that uncertainty ranges of average monthly blue water are larger than the other components, because of its sensitivity to more parameters.

Timely and accurate change detection of Earth’ s surface features is extremely important for understanding relationships and interactions between human and natural phenomena in order to promote better decision making. Remote sensing data are primary sources extensively used for change detection in recent decades. In order to provide the land use map of Hamadan-BAHAR WATERSHED, digital data obtained from TM (1985), ETM(2000) and OLI (2013) sensor of digital data of the Landsat 5, 7 and 8 were used. To classify images, were used Maximum likelihood method, using samples of ground truth. According to the acceptance Kappa coefficient classification by Landis and Koch kappa coefficient, acceptance Kappa coefficient in 1985 (93. 11 %), 2000 (90. 01%) and 2013 (85. 06 %) was excellent. Comparing NDVI maps with those of maximum likelihood classification, It also was found that the produced NDVI maps match with Irrigation farming category, indicating the accuracy of maximum likelihood method in classifying images. Result showed that between the years 1992 to 2013 settlements and Irrigation farming have increased 139. 93% and 12. 29% respectively, while Dry farming and Rangeland have decrease 0. 33% and 17. 12% respectively. In addation, the results of the conversion of non-residential to residential Maps showed that between the years 1992 to 2013, 2000 to 2013 and 1992 to 2013 among agricultural and pastures, agricultural lands with an area 44. 67, 73. 35 and 94. 84 square kilometers the, respectively, will be allocated the greatest area converted from non-residential to residentia. Also, in order to assess land use changes due to its status in the past, land use map for 2030 was predicted using cellular automata model, Then land use changes trend was plotted during 1990 to 2030. The results indicate a growing trend in settlements and Irrigation farming in the future period. In the period Dry farming and Rangeland will decrease.

Snow is one of the major sources of water in most parts of the world. Hydrology and climate studies determine that the snow cover surface area to be one of the important parameters of snow. One of the tools that has lots of uses in the WATERSHED snow cover survey and hydrological properties is remote monitoring by satellites images. MODIS imageries compared with other images like NOAA has better spatial resolution and more bands and is better for this surveying. Therefore in our study for mapping of snow cover we used MODIS images and NDSI indicators. In the snow mapping algorithm, at the first stage the NDSI index snow was isolated but for discrimination between snow and other wet lands we used the thresholds in 2,  4and 6 bands. The results showed that the NDSI index in conjunction with the thresholds has appropriate effects for this purpose. In this research, the average error of snow cover maps including the error NDSI index was less than 20 percent.

Though under a command, a corporal body can be imprisoned, but a soul can never be turned into servitude, so was the case with M. T. BAHAR, the poet laureate, who on the offence of truth-seeking and because of the backbiting of the enviers was kept in jail for some years, but even then his tender temperament never hesitated from darting into the vast expanses of literary firmament. His confinement-songs were the outcome of his imprisonment-pre-occupations, however, the songs have been composed on the pattern as adopted by Masood Sa'ad, Khaghaani and Naser Khusroo.  The research in hand has attempted to briefly review the odes composed in prison by BAHAR with regard to their literal and content characteristics, and the pictures emerging from the conception of the night, the bird, the flower, the musical instruments, and the interests and detestation of BAHAR on this account.

In this research two kinds of critical approaches are introduced and then some examples of these two approaches are selected and discussed. The aim of this article is to consider the critical fields in Constitution period in Iran, which is counted as the turning point in passing from tradition to modernity. The first approach, in-group criticism, is criticism among the members of one group; the second approach, out-group criticism, is done among the members of two different groups. The example selected for the first approach refers to the “Association of the Faculty” and its two members Mohammad TaghiBAHAR and Abbas Eghbal Ashtiani, who stand for Neoclassicism. The second example refers to the “Association of the Faculty” and BAHAR in particular and Tajaddod-e Tabriz Journal and Taghi Rafat at its heads. The latter group represents revolutionary Romanticism. The method of this research is based on textual analysis. The analysis of the content of these two approaches shows that the in-group approach in Constitution period was more moderate compared to the out-group approach and sometimes personal prejudices had a role in the process of criticism. There has been difference in taste in the first approach, and in the second approach the difference is in thought and ideas. If approaches like these could have changed into movements, they could have been useful in criticism of literature and also in widening the field of criticism. These two approaches, however, had been stopped gradually. Moreover, out-group criticism is considered as the opposition of Neoclassicism and Romanticism in Iran.

After the death of his father, Malakosh"shoar BAHAR went to AdibNishaboori to study Arabic literature.This was coincided with his promotionto the status of poet laureate of Astan Quds Razavi, a position previouslyheld by his father. To show his poetic power to his poet rivals in Khorassan, BAHAR sometimes felt himself compelled to boast about his poetic power in his poems. His master . AdibNishabooricouldnot toleratesuchboastfulacts,so muchso thathejoined his opponents. However, BAHAR held his master in great esteem though he did not consider him a great poet, and for this reason wrote no elegy after his death. In this article, the writer makes an attempt to show . the relationship between BAHAR and Adib Nishaboori in Khorassan circle of poets.

From Nizami and Khaghani times on, there has been much discussion about new style (Genre) and concepts of this sort in the history of Persian poetry every poet tried to name himself and his verse modern. Among all these claims, the inclination to be new and the attraction of being modern before the audience, is more outstanding. Of course, the inclination to be new stopped upon formation of the triple societies of literary-style return. But poets again, revealed their enthusiasm of being new.One of the pioneers is poet laureate Mohammad Taghi BAHAR who lived during Mohammad Ali Shah, Ahmad Shah, Reza Shah and Mohammad Reza Shah reigns. He was a gifted poet with a strong memory.  His strong tendency to social and political affairs neared his verse to the essence of contemporaneousness.BAHAR claims that his style of verse is new. In one of his compositions, he claims that modern Persian poetry is after his efforts and studies.

In agricultural activities, multiple inputs and sources are use. The main objectives of farm managers and planners were to optimizing the resources usage and inputs for determining appropriate cropping pattern. Hamedan province and BAHAR county has high potential for agricultural productions. The main purpose of research was to investigate optimal cropping pattern for BAHAR county for crop years of 2013-2014. For the mentioned aim, mathematical planning and simulation of cropping products on the basis of water input. Data were analyzed by Lingo10 software in mathematical model. In the study, feasibility of efficiency maximization and investment cost, water usage, chemical matters minimization were analyzed according to land limitation and water availability. Results show that for the purpose of mentioned aim planning efficiency of product were increased: 8.44 percent, investment cost 2.94percent, chemical manure usage 3.05, chemical toxins usage 0.88 but water usage 1.99 percent decreased. It can be expected that findings will contribute to agricultural related organizations and planners.